Inuit_Du_Caribou_Netsilik_Et_Igloolik-Jeux_Vocaux_Des_Inuit-(Ocora)-1989-DPS

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2005-03-13

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 ______________________________________________________________________________.

  Inuit du Caribou, Netsilik et Igloolik
  Jeux Vocaux des Inuit
 ______________________________________________________________________________.

  .date        Mar-08-2005
  .style       Ethnic
  .label       Ocora
  .cat.no.     C559071
  .source      CDDA
  .type        Album
  .quality     VBRkbps 44.1hz Joint-Stereo
  .size        117,8 MB
 ______________________________________________________________________________.

   The origins of Canadian hiphop right here...

   The expression "Inuit vocal games" designates central Canadian Arctic
   practices that are both ludic and musical. According to regions, these
   can be divided into several genres with different names. First known to
   white people as guttural songs or throat songs, or sometimes as breathed
   songs, they were later on designated more accurately as throat games by
   Beverley Diamond and Nicole Beaudry. But it is the native term katajjaq
   that is the most often used. However, it applies only to Arctic Quebec
   and to the south of Baffin Land. Netsilik, Igloolik, and Caribou Inuit
   vocal games do not necessarily feature the throat sounds typical of
   katajjaq which are so striking, and they often refer to a narrative text
   absent from katajjaq. Thus, it appears simpler to adopt a more neutral
   and less specific term such as vocal game. In native terminology, these
   games belong to the larger family of ulapqusiit (traditional games) and
   are designated more precisely as nipaquhiit, that is 'games done with
   sounds or with noises' (nipi).

   To say that they are both ludic and musical begs a comment. The Inuit
   have no generic term corresponding to our term music but this does not
   deter ethnomusicologists and music lovers from their interest for the
   sound components of these games which, in comparison with our usual
   musical products, are particularly fascinating. It is no doubt for this
   reason that several recordings have, all or in part, featured these
   vocal games. But this cultural takeover has created a distortion of the
   true dimension of these games within Inuit culture: first, because the
   drum dance remains the predominant musical genre and the vocal games
   constitute one game among others; second, because ethnographically
   speaking, they are first and foremost used as ludic practices, with
   winners and losers.

   Generally then, the vocal games are competitive activities, done most of
   the time by two women facing each other and standing very close to one
   another; sometimes they hold each other's shoulders. Contrary to a
   widespread belief it does not appear to be true that the partner's mouth
   served as a resonator. On the other hand, in certain regions (the
   Netsilik and Caribou groups), people use a kitchen utensil to transform
   the acoustical properties of the sounds produced (formerly they would
   use bags for carrying water made of caribou skin). The game stops when
   one of the women runs out of breath or laughs. Even if the ludic
   dimension of the game remains predominant, the partners are nevertheless
   appreciated for their endurance and for the quality of the sounds they
   produce. One must win but with merit: certain sounds are considered more
   difficult to do than others. The game makes one even more breathless if
   the players drop on their heels and rise alternately. Whether or not
   these gestures are used seems to depend on the age and the physique of
   the players. In certain regions (around Cape Dorset), the game could be
   played in teams: women who belonged to different camps, for instance,
   assembled to play the game, and the winning group was the one that
   forced the opposing team to make use of all its women. Two points must
   be raised: the game is played in pairs, but nevertheless four or more
   can play at the same time (in multiples of two). It seems that these
   games are essentially used by women, but this gender specialisation
   results from the traditional way of life: boys also learned these games
   but they lost the habit of playing them when they reached the age of
   participation in the hunt with adult males.

   Inuit vocal games can be divided in two major categories: katajjaq (or
   plural katajjait) - around the coast of Arctic Quebec, in the Belcher
   Islands, south of Baffin Land, and, in a rather scattered fashion, in
   the rest of Baffin Land (where it might be called pirqusirtuq or
   pirqusirartuq) - and the Netsilik, Igloolik, and Caribou Inuit vocal
   games which are of a less homogeneous style. Some but not all types make
   use of story-telling texts.

   Katajjaq is basically constructed from repeated motifs and the
   succession of chosen morphemes, when they have a meaning, does not seem
   to follow a narrative logic. Katajjaq consists of the repetition of a
   motif (for example hamma) caracterised by a specific intonation contour
   and a pattern based on the alternation of voiced/un-voiced,
   breathed-in/breathed-out sounds. The motif is repeated an undetermined
   number of times. Most of the time, the second voice's motif is identical
   to that of the first, but with an imitation-like time lag (of a
   half-beat) corresponding to the breathing-in, breathing-out alternation.
   In this case, the most frequent, the total effect results from the
   motivic superposition of the 'dephased' voices. Since in general each
   motif contains a low-pitch sound followed by a high-pitch one (or the
   contrary) and since the two voices follow each other at a distance of a
   half-beat, those watching the game have the impression that they are
   hearing a chain of low-pitched sounds and a chain of high-pitched ones,
   whereas each sound has been produced alternately by each of the two
   partners. Without warning, one of the two players might decide to change
   her motif and the other partner must follow suit whitout breaking the
   rhythm. In spite of the competitive nature of the game, the resulting
   sound must project the feeling that there is perfect harmony between
   protagonists and such homogeneity of sound that listeners-spectators are
   not able to discern exactly who does what.

   Concerning its meanings, it can be said that katajjaq acts as a sort of
   'open structure,' receptive to many diverse and pre-existing sound
   expressions: meaningless syllables (or for which meanings are no longer
   understood), but also archaic words, names of ancestors or elders,
   animal names, toponyms, terms designating an object seen while playing
   the game, animal cries (sometimes but not always geese calls), sounds
   from nature, but also the melody borrowed from an aqausiq (an
   affectionate song composed for an infant), the tune of a drum dance song
   or of a religious hymn.

   Katajjaq was or is done in all kinds of different occasions: anytime
   during the day, in any season, for sheer pleasure, to put babies to
   sleep or upon returning from the hunt, in the qaggi (ceremonial illu),
   in the form of team games, during extensive travels, or integrated
   within other series of games. We also know that it was used as
   respiratory training in bad climatic conditions. It is this author's
   hypothesis that in the past katajjaq fulfilled some shamanistic
   function, participating in a kind of symbolic task division: while men
   were out hunting, women played katajjaq to influence the spirits of
   natural elements or of animals (named or imitated in the game) and thus,
   from a distance, contributed to the success of an essential survival
   activity.

   Among the Netsilik, Igloolik, and Caribou Inuit, the great majority of
   the games collected by researchers tell a story. Frequently the text is
   distributed with a precise rhythmic articulation which makes the game
   resemble what we call a sing-song. In many other cases, the same text is
   transformed with the breathing style typical of katajjait - the
   alternation of inhaled and exhaled sounds - without however their
   characteristic throat sounds. These games then act as enigmas and the
   listeners, children or adults, must reconstruct their meaning. In these
   regions, there exists four large categories of narrative games based on
   texts that are nearly similar from one village to the next, with
   variants of course: quananau, qiarpalik, illuquma, and niaquinaq. Next
   to these narrative games are those games based on the juxtaposition of
   repeated morphemes designated by the first motif used (amerniaktok,
   angutinguark, haqalaktuq, immipijiutuq, iurnaaq, marmartuq, pirqusiqtuk,
   sirqusurtaqtuk, ullu, umpi, etc); in these latter games, it is not
   possible to discover a clear discursive logic from one motif to the
   next.

   The existence of vocal games in the 19th century in Alaska is attested
   by an explorer's report. It could still be found some 20 years ago in
   Japan, among the Ainu, under the name rekkukara. It was still being
   practiced in 1991 among the Tchukchi of East Siberia. The vocal games of
   Canada thus constitute evidence that the Inuit belong to a circumpolar
   cultural and musical civilisation which reaches far beyond the present
   borders of this country.

   Jean-Jacques Nattiez

   see also:
   http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/inuit.htm
   http://pages.infinit.net/musis/matsu_take_eng/1_AMG_Inuit.html

 ______________________________________________________________________________.

   01          quiarva                                               00:23
   02          qiarvaa avec text                                     00:57
   03          niaqu                                                 00:46
   04          qatsivaaq                                             00:45
   05          qatsivaaq par oonerk                                  01:39
   06          niaquinaq                                             01:41
   07          quattipartuq                                          00:17
   08          qiarpaliq                                             01:51
   09          qiiaaqjuittiarqtut                                    00:25
   10          ullu                                                  01:00
   11          qiarpaa                                               01:27
   12          qiarpaa par ajaupik                                   00:38
   13          umaqtuq                                               00:26
   14          umpi                                                  00:27
   15          quana                                                 00:27
   16          quananau                                              01:29
   17          huangahaaq                                            00:38
   18          marmatuq                                              00:39
   19          iurnaaq                                               00:45
   20          anuraqtuq                                             00:41
   21          aqittuq                                               00:57
   22          qiarpaa par ujaupik                                   00:18
   23          qattipartuq                                           01:01
   24          qattipaartuq par rose                                 01:01
   25          niaquinaq                                             00:40
   26          marmatuq et                                           00:58
   27          qiarpaa par                                           00:29
   28          quiarpaa par anarusuk                                 01:17
   29          qattipartuq                                           00:20
   30          quarniarniaktok                                       00:18
   31          kaperniarniaktok                                      00:39
   32          qiarpalik                                             00:40
   33          qiarpaa par watuak                                    00:54
   34          quana                                                 00:31
   35          anguntinguarq                                         00:17
   36          iurnaaq                                               01:00
   37          aguntnguerq                                           00:25
   38          qiarutsiaq                                            00:37
   39          angutinguark                                          00:28
   40          qiarpalik                                             00:25
   41          qiarpa                                                03:34
   42          huangahaaq                                            00:33
   43          qiarpalik                                             00:39
   44          qattipaartuq                                          01:06
   45          quatsivaaq                                            00:19
   46          niaquinaq                                             00:25
   47          quattipartuq                                          01:51
   48          quananau                                              00:36
   49          happapiayartuq                                        00:32
   50          quatsivaaq                                            02:20
   51          kadnipardianatoq                                      00:52
   52          niarquinaq                                            00:25
   53          quananau                                              00:40
   54          quana                                                 00:26
   55          quiarlittiak                                          00:40
   56          qiarpaa                                               01:36
   57          immpuijutting                                         00:28
   58          iurnaaq                                               00:42
   59          qiarpaa                                               00:14
   60          siqusutaqtuk                                          00:14
   61          qillaqjuttiarquit                                     00:40
   62          quana                                                 00:41
   63          quanatuq                                              00:25
   64          qiarvactuq                                            00:35
   65          uqsiktuq                                              00:33
   66          amerniaktok                                           00:28
   67          niaqu                                                 00:32
   68          illuqumajunuarmatuk                                   00:25
   69          illuquma                                              01:06
   70          qiarpaa                                               00:59
   71          niaqu                                                 00:27
   72          aqqittuq                                              00:43
   73          marmatuq                                              00:52
   74          purqusictuq                                           01:22
   75          iurnaaq                                               00:14
   76          qiarvactuq                                            00:48
   77          qiarpa                                                00:34
   78          quananou                                              00:39
   79          hiqnactuq                                             00:23
   80          qiarpaa                                               01:04
   81          siurnaqtuq                                            01:27
   82          iqusuttak                                             00:17
   83          illuqumajumuarmatuk                                   01:01
   84          niaqu                                                 00:25
   85          niaqu                                                 01:00
   86          niokarnuatuq                                          00:23
   87          qiarpalik                                             00:37
   88          qattipaartuq                                          00:42
   89          quatsivaaq                                            01:04
   90          quatsipaartuq                                         00:49
                                                                     .   .
                                                                     70:03 min
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    ▀▄   digaphobia ██████████ peace to music lovers everywhere
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        ▀.    sound ██████████ 1real - amok - bcc - cmg - cmc - cms - diss
                  : █████▀████ drum - fuffens - hit2k - just - kw - nuhs - om
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                  . ██▄███████ _______________
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                     ▀▀ ▀ █▀██ go to the show
                     ▀█  ▀  ██ buy the t-shirt
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